Strasbourg(pronounced [ s t ʁ a z b u ʁ ] ) Strossburi (pronounced [ ʃ t r ø s b u r i ] ) in Alsace and Straßburg in German , is a town in eastern France , on the left bank of the Rhine . It is the capital of the region Alsace and the Department of Bas-Rhin . City, seat of the Council of Europe since 1949 , the European Parliament since 1992 and the European Court of Human Rights in the Palace of Human Rights since 1998 , bears the title of European Capital and capital of Europe . Its inhabitants are called the Strasbourg (es).
Its population, Strasbourg -house is the first French town of East Grand and the seventh of France 2 . It is one of the main economic centers of the northeast and is characterized by a secondary sector and a diverse service sector largely turned to the financial, research and business consulting 3 . The economy of Strasbourg is also marked by the establishment of two clusters, one dedicated to life sciences, biotechnology and pharmacy , the other vehicles of the future 4 .
Border town with the Germany , Strasbourg is deeply bicultural. Its history is rich and tormented, left a remarkable architectural heritage. Its downtown , located on the Big Island is entirely classified World Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO since 1988 and includes the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Strasbourg and the district of Petite France 5 .
Strasbourg has also become a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation and more generally of the European Union . The city has gradually specialized in political, cultural, and institutional. It is thus one of the only cities, Geneva and New York , to be the seat of international organizations without capital of a country 6 . Strasbourg is a city of international conferences, the second in France after Paris 7 .
The presence of several renowned national institutions like the National Theatre , the National and University Library and the Opera National du Rhin in fact an important cultural center. Strasbourg is also a great student city. The university and its schools are strongly internationally oriented with over 20% of foreign students and more than one hundred nationalities
The first name of the city was in Celtic * Argantorati > Argentorate stretch marks removal , romanized as Argentoratum ( Argentoraton ii th century), the same name that Argentré (Mayenne, Argentrato ix th century). The etymology of this term is discussed, some seeing it as a link with the Great Celtic goddess whose Argantia is one of the epithets and is identified with the moon. The most common meaning 9 would like the Celtic root * ARGANTO- ( silver bright ) refers to the color and brightness of a silver stream (see the Argens , the Arc , etc..) in this case the Ill ( Ainos in Gaul ). This hypothesis is strengthened by the former name of Horbourg ( Argentovaria ), also located on the common Ill., whose element worm / var means precisely a river in Indo-European.
-Rate of ratification * means an embankment or fortification (cf. Old Irish Raith / Ráth , fort, fortification). This hypothesis therefore states that Argentoratum is the forum on money, in full the city from the river, the river. This name was then perfectly consistent with the perception of this place border, near the Rhine, part of the network of camps defending limes northern Roman Empire .
Then, following its integration into the Germanic body, the city was no longer border, but the heart of the network of German cities. His perception was therefore more of a river axis oriented north-south, but road and an east-west. Strasbourg was indeed at one of the few bridges to cross the Rhine and thus placed HDMI switch on a major east-west route. The name then evolved Straßburg , the castle ( Burg die free ipad , fortified building) on the road ( die Straße ), resulting from Stratiburg name prior to the German sound shift mentioned above for the first time in vi th century by St. Gregory 10 .
The town is called Strassburg or Straßburg 11 in German and Strossburi 12 in Alsace .
Geography
Situation
Banks of the Krutenau , seen from the Rohan Palace (180 °)
Location
Position of Strasbourg against major European cities
Strasbourg for the SPOT satellite
Offset from the rest of France, which the plain of Alsace is the extreme north-east facade, however Strasbourg occupies a central Seattle physical therapy position in Western Europe , a major thoroughfare north and south. It is indeed the place in the larger entity to which it belongs Valley Upper Rhine which, Basel to Mainz , forms a natural corridor.
At the edge of Atlantic Europe and continental Europe, it communicates to the south by the valleys of the Saone and the Rhone with the Mediterranean Europe and opens to the north, beyond the massive Hercynian German on great plains of northern Europe to the valley of the Ruhr . As the crow flies, Strasbourg is thus equal distance (approximately 750 km) of the Mediterranean , the Baltic and coastal Atlantic . It is also equal distance (approximately 500 km) of the North Sea and the Adriatic .
Strasbourg is a distance of 136 km from Stuttgart , 184 km from Zurich , 192 km from Luxembourg , to 208 km from Frankfurt am Main , 876 km from Toulouse , 406 miles from Brussels and 447 km from Paris ( great circle distance ) 13 , 14 . The Plastic Bins city is also located 40 kilometers from the Vosges Mountains and 170 km of the Jura .
Neighboring municipalities
Oberhausbergen Reichstett
Souffelweyersheim Hoenheim Bischheim Schiltigheim
The Wantzenau
Eckbolsheim N Kehl am Rhein (Germany)
O Strasbourg E
S
Lingolsheim
Ostwald
Illkirch-Graffenstaden
Eschau
Climate [ change ]
Related article: Climate of the Lower Rhine .
City Sunshine (h / year)
Rain (mm / year)
Snow (day / year)
Storm (d / year)
Fog (d / year)
National average 1973 770 14 22 40
Strasbourg 15 1633 632 30 29 56
Paris 1630 642 15 19 13
Nice 2668 767 A 31 A
Brest 1492 1109 9 11 74
The atmosphere in Strasbourg is to type degraded oceanic climate ( Cfb under the Köppen classification ) with a fairly large temperature range. Thus, the winters are experiencing fairly frequent snowfall while some summer days can be hot and stuffy. Situated between two mountains (the Vosges and Black Forest ) the City is not exposed to winds. Similarly, rainfall is relatively scarce and irregular compared to other French regions with natural protection against the prevailing westerly winds that are the Vosges ( foehn effect ). The city is often subject to violent storms at the beginning and the end of the summer.
The lack of wind, high temperatures in summer and the location logically favor the occurrence of pollution peaks 16 .
Records of monthly temperatures, recorded in Strasbourg / SXB since 1923 15
January February March April May June
Minimum (year) - -23.6 ° C (1942) - -22.3 ° C (1929) - -16.7 ° C (1965) - -5.6 ° C (1938) - -2.4 ° C (1953) 1.0 ° C (1923)
Maximum (year) 17.5 ° C (1991) 21.1 ° C (1990) 25.7 ° C (1989) 29.7 ° C (1949) 33.4 ° C (2005) 37.0 ° C (1947)
July August September October November December
Minimum (year) 4.9 ° C (1961) 3.2 ° C (1923) - -1 3 ° C (1943) - -7.6 ° C (1950) - -10.8 ° C (1973) - -23.4 ° C (1938)
Maximum (year) 37.4 ° C (1952) 38.5 ° C (2003) 33.4 ° C (1947) 29.1 ° C (1985) 22.1 ° C (1926) 18.3 ° C (1965)
Temperatures, precipitation and sunshine means 17
Month January February March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. December Year
Average minimum temperatures (Normal 1971/2000) (C) -1.0 -0.7 2.2 4.6 9.0 12.1 13.9 13.6 10.3 6.6 2.3 0.3 6.1
Average temperatures (Normal 1971/2000) (C) 1.6 2.8 6.7 9.7 14.3 17.3 19.5 19.3 15.5 10.6 5.3 2.8 10.45
Average maximum temperatures (Normal 1971/2000) (C) 4.2 6.2 11.1 14.9 19.6 22.4 25.1 25.0 20.7 14.6 8.3 5.3 14.8
Precipitation (Normal 1971/2000) (mm) 30.0 35.1 36.1 42.5 78.2 76.9 66.2 57.9 62.1 52.5 49.8 44.6 631.9
Average sunshine (Normal 1991/2000) (h) 53.8 82.7 131.6 169.5 205.8 205.6 224.1 232.1 157.4 84.1 50.8 35.4 1632.9 Data source: Météo France
Site
Located at an average altitude of 140 meters above sea level 18 , Strasbourg is characterized by relatively flat terrain. And downtown, it receives only very slight undulations of the land, including peak near the cathedral and at the intersection of Main Street and the Rue du Fosse-of-Tanners, corresponding to the residential areas the oldest, originally established on a hill emerging from the marshes.
The dock of the Ill in the district of Petite France
The city is built on the Ill and along the left bank of the Rhine . The Ill is the backbone of the city, connected to the Rhine by former arms now channeled (Junction Canal and harbor basins of use). Several tributaries crossing the different areas of the city: the weevil and the channel of the Green Mountain Bruche and Koenigshoffen , Aare to Contades and Wacken , the Rhine and the Tortu Ziegelwasser (former branch of the Rhine) to the Meinau at Neuhof and Neudorf, the canal from the Marne to the Rhine to the north. Strasbourg and consists of several islands, the island’s historic center ellipse, the Corn Island , Island Rohrschollen and the Port du Rhin .
The city is also located on one of the largest drinking water supplies in Europe (nearly 35 billion m 3 ) 19 . The high density of hydrography combined with the outcrop of the water table helps to make the area highly susceptible to flooding . This is why most urban extensions of the city and the city were made using imported fill (including the construction of the neighborhood German), accompanied by the filling of the pipe or multiple inlets, reducing all areas of application and increasing the speed and water flow in case of flooding.
Strasbourg is now facing a significant risk of flooding in some areas (Green Mountain to the southwest and north Robertsau) hanging on the draft urban sprawl and densification of the habitat.
Urban morphology
Urban fabric
The historic center of Strasbourg, which occupies the largest island , is characterized by typical medieval narrow streets, especially around the Notre Dame Cathedral and near the Petite France . To the north, the vast area between German built 1870 and 1914 extends from the station at the gates of Germany . It is watered by broad straight avenues that lead to less dense areas, including the District XV whose first constructions date from the early xx th century . The southeast is occupied by the area of the Krutenau , one of the oldest in the city. A little further east is the area of the Esplanade. Built from the year 1960 to meet population growth, this area is mainly composed of large buildings (more than ten stories) making it the densest of Strasbourg. To the south, medium density dwellings predominate, as in the district of Neudorf . Houses the latest in the city are divided, but also within the municipality, particularly in the areas south and southeast of the city Danube , Rives de l’Étoile and Porte de France . In west and southwest, there is most public housing units in the city Cronenbourg , Hautepierre , Koenigshoffen , Green Mountain and Elsau . To improve the routes of the Port of Strasbourg (PAS) located in the area of the island with Ears, a reclassification of the N4 is in progress. It should eventually lead to unclog the heavy goods traffic on the major axis and thus help create a new central border by opening up the Port area of the Rhine. The main objective is to landscape the entry into France from Germany around the symbol of the border and encourage greater mobility of the East West electronic cigarettes axis, in addition to the North-South axis. Strasbourg to reclaim the river Rhine on this axis by bridging the gaps caused by successive dependencies, and brownfields. Denser housing should be created and permanently connect Strasbourg to the fringes of the Rhine.
Districts
Strasbourg is composed of 14 districts 20 :
Centre (17 798 inhabitants)
Council XV – Orangerie – Contades (25,312 inhabitants)
Cronenbourg (21,462 inhabitants)
Elsau (6000 inhabitants)
Esplanade – Bourse – Krutenau (25,205 inhabitants)
Station – Les Halles – Court – Porte de Schirmeck (24 000 inhabitants)
Hautepierre (24,600 inhabitants)
Koenigshoffen (16,119 inhabitants)
Meinau (16,627 inhabitants)
Green Mountain (12,149 inhabitants)
Neudorf – Musau – Port du Rhin (40 706 inhabitants)
Neuhof (19,658 inhabitants)
Pottery (7500 inhabitants)
Robertsau – Wacken – Cité de l’Ill (19,557 inhabitants)
Architecture
Facades typical of the German quarter
Architecture is a unique interesting city because it is deeply bicultural. The historic center includes many timbered houses , particularly in the area of the Petite France , just outside the civil hospital (district Finkwiller ) and the cathedral. These houses were mostly built between the xvi th and xviii th century , are the most emblematic Kammerzell house and home tanners. Other architectural styles are represented by some remarkable buildings: the Renaissance with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Classicism with the Palais des Rohan and Aubette. From the arrival of Louis XIV, Strasbourg includes some French architectural codes, including the construction of mansions: the Court of Honau (now City Hall Place Broglie), the Hotel de Deux-Ponts, the Episcopal Palace, the Hotel Klinglin (current residence of the prefect).
The red sandstone of the Vosges is one of the most widely used stones, because of its geographical proximity. It is therefore listed on many monuments, including the cathedral . The color of this stone is however very variable. Thus, the Church of St. Paul uses a pale sandstone, while the bus shelter has a very strong color. The Vosges sandstone is however a very friable rock that requires regular attention.
Between 1870 and 1914 , the German quarter, said the Neustadt ( new city in German) is constructed. It forms a homogeneous predominantly residential and style typical Germanic ( Wilhelmine ). German architects resume many aesthetic codes: Neo-Renaissance palace on the Rhine (formerly the summer palace of the Emperor), neo-Gothic post office, neo-classical to the university campus, there is also the presence of buildings Art Nouveau (Robertsau alley, intersection of Foch and Castelnau , Palace of Festivals among others) that makes Strasbourg one of the centers of the architecture ( Jugendstil German). Strasbourg is also the only city with Metz who kept track of the monumental architecture of the German xix th century through the Republic Square (Palace Rhine Prefecture, Hotel Tax, National Theatre and University Library). Residential buildings generally use the stone (for the ground floor and ornaments) associated with the brick (red or tan , for the rest of the facade). The sandstone is also commonly used for parts.
Urban
Housing
In 2005 , the town of Strasbourg were 135,340 housing units. Compared to 1999 , the number of dwellings increased by 1.9% while the number of households increased by 6.8% over the same period 21 . However, Strasbourg has more than 9% of vacancies 22 .
According to the complete census of 1999, the city has 87.9% of primary residences against only 0.4% of homes 23 . The individual units represent 6.6% of the housing, which is very low compared to cities like Bordeaux (26.9%) and Nantes (23.4%) and above Lyon (3.3%). The city is also characterized by the importance of existing homes, since 35.5% of them were built before 1949 . In contrast, homes built after 1990 represent only 8.9% of the park. Finally, housing Strasbourg are essentially large with 38.3% of 4 rooms and more.
Between 1999 and 2005, the owners increased slightly from 24% to 26%, but remains relatively low. From tenants amounted to 71%.
Social housing accounts for about 22% of homes. Of the 30,507 housing that make up the city, 3.4% of them are vacant. These units are essentially three parts (37.6%) and 4 parts (31.0%). There are however some apartments (studios and 1 piece) 24 .
Projects
The new district of Neudorf Fronts built around the mall Rivétoile the UGC Ciné Cité-Star Media and Malraux.
The development of the city is based on several city projects, including:
Deux-Rives :
Launched in 2011 , this urban development project is to urbanize the axis Strasbourg- Kehl . According to the municipality, it should open Strasbourg “to 360″ 25 . This is a major urban project designed for nearly 250 acres for the construction of 9000 housing units. The transaction will be structured around the extension of the tramway line D of Strasbourg to the city of Kehl, which will be inaugurated in 2015 , it result in the construction of a new bridge over the Rhine (co-financed by Germany) 26 . In this project, including land use is Heyritz , eco-neighborhood of the Danube or the redevelopment of the neighborhood of Port-du-Rhin . The realization is scaled from 2012 to 2025.
Wacken-Europe :
Also launched in 2011 , it aims to shift the exhibition, renovation and expansion of the convention center but mainly to the completion of a business area instead of the current exhibition 26 . The expansion and restructuring of the Music Palace and Congress will be completed by the end of 2014 and the new Exhibition will be carried out from 2014 to 2016 27 . As for the international business district, close to the European Parliament , it will be implemented in two phases:
1 st phase: It will be carried out by Bouygues in 2013 and will denver injury attorney involve the construction of 65 000 m² of offices (including 30 000 for the European institutions), 11 000m ² of hotels, 17 000m ² of accommodation and 3700m ² of shops and services 28 .
2 e phase: More than 150 000 m² of office from 2017 29 .
Low station :
The proposed development of low station of Strasbourg is at a longer horizon, 2025, because it is the time that the SNCF and RFF consider it necessary to move all rail facilities in this part of the station. By then, the city wishes to develop this sector in order to open 360 ° from the station. A business district will take place on these rights of way, directly related to the Rhine-Rhone and the TGV East 30 .
Green spaces
The northeast and southeast of the town are covered with vast forests: the forest of Robertsau (493 hectares) and the Neuhof forest (797 hectares) 31 . They are the remains of the ancient Rhine lush forest which occupied the entire flood plain of the Rhine , to the wild and turbulent river xix th century . This forest had a vitality and a remarkable species richness, housing a diverse avifauna. If the containment and successive development of the river have greatly reduced, it retains its character of wetlands , home to the natural reserve of Rohrschollen , and is a breeding ground for the LPO . In addition, the program “Living Rhine” as part of the LIFE Nature conservation and restoration of natural habitats of the Rhine strip was launched with the aim of restoring ecosystems Rhine.
The Pavilion Josephine (rear view) in the Parc de l’Orangerie
In addition, the city has 324 acres of parks and gardens, 31 of which the most famous is the Parc de l’Orangerie composed in English. Located opposite the Palais de l’Europe, it includes attractions such as a zoo, a petting zoo and a breeding storks and embellished with a romantic lake with a waterfall and a pavilion built in 1804 in honor of the Empress Josephine . It covers an area of 26 hectares. The Botanical Garden has for its ancient origins. Originally established in 1619 and converted into a cemetery in 1870 after the siege by the Germans, the current garden was opened in 1884 for students of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. It includes 6000 species distributed over a small area of 3.5 hectares 32 .
Very original as located on the remains of the citadel of Vauban built in 1681, the Citadel Park covers 12.5 hectares. More conventional, the park Contades created xviii th century by the Marshal Contades is primarily a tree-lined promenade outside the city. Today it is part of the German quarter and covers 7.9 hectares. The garden on both sides , is itself a transfrontier park built on both sides of the Rhine . An area of 55 hectares is the largest of the city. Both banks of the Rhine are connected by footbridge Mimram .
Located at the Robertsau the outskirts of the forest, the park of Chateau de Pourtales is an area of 24 hectares which houses a gallery of contemporary sculptures Much of the shoreline is also fitted, especially in the center, Green Mountain, to Robertsau and Meinau.
Strasbourg has been rewarded with two flowers in the 2007 list of cities competition and villages in bloom 33 .
History
Main article: History of Strasbourg .
Heraldry
Coat of arms of Strasbourg
Coat of arms of Strasbourg under the First Empire
Weapons of Strasbourg are the result of Joann Fabric coupons a reversal of the colors of the blazon of the bishop of Strasbourg (band on silver face) after the revolt of the burghers of the city in the Middle Ages who took their independence from the authority of the bishop. It still retained its power over the surrounding countryside. The same phenomenon was observed in Basel , explaining the current reversal of the colors of coats of arms of cantons of Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land .
However, the blazon is apparently debatable. Furthermore the interpretation graph cons, we find at least two different blazon:
Argent on Gules band (field diapered). (Grand Larousse encyclopaedia in 10 volumes)
Azure, an Our Lady of flesh sitting on a throne of gold and a flag as well, holding his right hand a golden scepter, and the left arm the child Jesus to the Virgin is a silver shield, charged with a band gules. ( Malte-Brun , France is illustrated , 1884)
Grand Army of Strasbourg
During the First Empire , Strasbourg was among the good towns and licensed as asking for arms to the new power. They became: Azure mottled gold band of silver to the chief gules charged with three golden bees, which is the good towns of the Empire.
The Grand Army of Strasbourg consists of the shield tape and some additions to the outside. The Historical Museum of Strasbourg and other historic buildings retain examples of stone or glass windows, whose use dates back to the xiii th century . It is used officially for the first time the backdrop of a city charter in 1399 , which came to join in 1919 , the Legion of Honour . If the external ornaments appeal to the old condition of a free city of Saint Roman Empire , the field is a variegated decorative element 34 .
The Grand Army of Strasbourg were used as decoration for official purposes, as the medals of the Exhibition of the city 35 , postage stamps and official documents until the year 1980 , when the municipal corporation decided to use a logo .
The logo of the city from 1980 to 2010
Prehistory and Antiquity
Fountain of Janus , conducted by Tomi Ungerer for the 2000 year of the city 1988
The first traces of human occupation in Strasbourg and around 600 000 back to 36 and many objects of the Neolithic , the Bronze Age and iron were found during archaeological excavations. But it is of around 1300 BC. AD date that the installation of sustainable protoceltes peoples. Towards the end of iii e century BC. AD the site has become a village Celtic name of Argentorate , with a sanctuary and a market. With significant dewatering, the stilt houses giving way to homes built on land 37 . The Romans arrived in Alsace in 58 BC. AD and settled on the site of Strasbourg. In 12 BC. BC The city became a fortified military camp positioned on the limes of the Rhine as part of the forts of Drusus. Over time, the website hosting city will grow in importance. Promoted military colony, Argentorate is already an important commercial hub and around the year 20 the population is estimated at about 10 000 inhabitants, Roman army included 38 . The city remains largely military and therefore totally dependent on this activity. During the ii th and iii th centuries with the expansion of the Roman Empire, Argentoratum will serve as a basis for withdrawal of Roman troops settled in Germania . But in 260 , the legions left the Germania and Strasbourg becomes a border town 39 .
In 355 the city was sacked by the Alemanni . Julien reconquered the city in 357 after a decisive victory over the Alemanni at the Battle of Strasbourg . But 406 the Germans invade again Gaul then 451 , the city is completely destroyed by Attila 40 .
Middle Ages
Developing a cathedral city
It is restored as the Strateburgum in 496 by the Franks that promote the development of the city, after the conversion of Clovis to Christianity. Indeed, Argentorate is one of the few cities in the region to be the seat of a bishop, a real governor of the time 41 . In this time of peace, the city developed again. From the vi th century , under the leadership of Bishop Arbogast of Strasbourg , the first cathedral and a monastery were built 42 .
Great Seal of the citizens of Strasbourg, 1201
Covered Bridges of the xiii th century
Under the age Merovingian , Strasbourg became a royal town but still very modest in size. At the viii th century , the town has 1500 inhabitants. Activities are primarily agricultural but is already exporting wine, wheat and oak towards the Germany , the Netherlands , the England and Scandinavia . In 842 , the city hosts Charles the Bald and Louis the German who team up against their brother Lothar for the division of the empire bequeathed by their grandfather Charlemagne and pronounce the Oaths of Strasbourg , the oldest text written in a Romance language (ancestor of the French, among others) and Teutonic language (ancestor of the German) 43 . In 843, the Treaty of Verdun assigned to Lothaire Strasbourg. But soon after his death in 870, the city returns to Louis the How to Lose Weight Fast German. In 962, Otto the Great founded the Holy Roman Empire and Strasbourg will experience a period of expansion during the xii th century new fortifications and a hospital are created while building the present cathedral began 44 . In just two centuries, the city increased from 3 000 to 10 000 inhabitants and is one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Notre Dame Cathedral
The walled enclosure is enlarged to xii th and xiii th centuries and the defensive system of covered bridges built. The four towers were part of the existing walls (with 80 rounds) and were connected by bridges covered with a wooden roof, disappeared in the xviii th century . They housed the guard but also served as prison. In 1201 Philip of Swabia Strasbourg student to the rank of a free city. Soon after, in 1220, was born the city council. It is then responsible for functions previously assigned to the clergy, including the administration and justice. The bourgeoisie acquired a remarkable autonomy vis-à-vis the episcopal power. But in 1260 , Walter de Geroldseck was elected bishop of Strasbourg and demands that he return the credentials. Soon, a war broke out between Strasbourg and the army bishop. In 1262, the prelate was defeated at the Battle of Hausbergen , Strasbourg by the troops, helped by Rudolph I st the Holy Roman Empire 45 .
Strasbourg then falls into the hands of the great noble families of Strasbourg, whose incessant rivalry, and their contempt for the bourgeois, and end up annoying a 1332 civil war broke out. The power is then up to the merchant class. In the middle of xiv th century , the plague invaded throughout Europe and reached Strasbourg. As in many cities, the Jews are accused of having poisoned the wells. February 13, 1349 almost 2,000 Jews were burned alive 46 , 47 .
Strasbourg, free imperial city
The city in 1493
View of Strasbourg in 1493
View of Strasbourg in 1644
Freed from episcopal power, Strasbourg was declared free imperial city by Charles car insurance IV . In this period of political turmoil, however, the city will raise its profile and many buildings will emerge. The river trade developed under the auspices of the guild of boatmen, responsible for charges on the goods 48 . At the end of the xiv th century , a new expansion of the city is undertaken. The whole city turns into a real project of churches and convents founded by monks or noble families. Of this group remain the cloister of the church of Sainte-Madeleine and Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune. In 1439 , after four centuries of construction, the spire of the Notre Dame Cathedral is completed. It is then the highest monument of Christianity and symbolizes the power of the city. Five years later, in 1444 , Strasbourg 26 000 people – including 10,000 refugees from the Hundred Years’ War who live outside the walls 49 – and can lift at any time, an army of 4500 men 46 . Its fortifications and artillery impressive device make it a fortified place of the first order. The city is at its peak 50 .
Follows the early xv th century a period of conflict between the bourgeois ruling the city of Strasbourg, the Alsatian nobility. City bank par excellence, Strasbourg is a city rich in fact that was coveted. Intellectual life is marked in xv th century by the revolution of printing. Born in Mainz and installed in Strasbourg since 1434 , Johannes Gensfleisch said Johannes Gutenberg conceived the movable type printing. We note, however, Gutenberg returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 so that you know exactly where this invention was completed major. Still, the Strasbourg quickly became a major center of printing since the end of the xv th century the city has ten print shops, including the prestigious Grüninger of pharmacy. In fact, Strasbourg will attract many intellectuals and artists. Sculptors, architects, goldsmiths, painters, watchmakers, the city excels in many areas 51 .
Modern era
Cradle of humanism and the Reformation stronghold
Frontispiece of a relationship in 1609
The development of printing the current promotes humanism that emerged in Strasbourg and will prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation . Indeed, humanism and the Reformation are the highlights of the day and Strasbourg is one of the first cities that calls for change. From 1519 , the theses of Martin Luther are posted at the doors of the cathedral and city leaders, including Jacques Sturm , favored the change. The city adopted the Reformation in 1525 and became a Protestant in 1532 with the accession to the Augsburg Confession . Strasbourg is one of the main bastions of the Protestant Reformation, which will greatly contribute to its success.
Plan of the city in 1572
The city becomes a haven for the Huguenots , the Protestants expelled from France for their beliefs. Among them, particularly John Calvin who later moved to Geneva . However, now Protestant city, Strasbourg will not be allowed to create its own university. The city already offers many lessons, particularly in medicine and theology from 1538 through the gymnasium of John Sturm, but they do not give rise to a recognized degree 52 .
A period of conflict
In the year 1530, Emperor Charles V , a Catholic, went to war against the Protestant princes and their allies and defeats in 1547 at the Battle of Muehlberger . Strasbourg will then enter several alliances, including Zurich . But in 1592 , after lengthy deliberations, the cathedral is divided into two with the election of two bishops, one Catholic and one Protestant. Then began the long and ridiculous war of bishops who will plunge the city into serious financial difficulties. This conflict, which lasted until 1604 will result in the victory of the Catholic and Charles of Lorraine became the sole bishop of the city. In 1605 the publisher Johann Carolus began to Strasbourg to produce the first weekly newspaper in the world in the name of “Relationship to Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historian” (“Communication of all important and memorable stories”).
All over Europe , the conflict between the Protestants and Catholics and 1618 , the Thirty Years’ War broke out. Strasbourg, in the shelter of his fortifications modernized by Daniel Specklin , is not involved in the conflict 53 .
At the end of the war in 1648 , by the Treaty of Westphalia , a part of Alsace (the possessions of the Habsburgs ) is attached to France, but remains free imperial city Strasbourg. Untouched by the war, the city is still isolated, financially weak, and has nothing to expect from the Roman Empire conquered. On September 28, 1681 , the city is besieged by an army of 30,000 men under the command of Louis XIV and two days later, after rapid negotiations, Strasbourg accepted the surrender 54 .
Strasbourg, a city of the kingdom of France
La Maison Kammerzell, Rhenish Renaissance style
An agreement is made between Louis XIV and Strasbourg to preserve the essential freedoms of the city, the political, administrative and religious. By cons, it is deprived of its artillery and its militias and must accept the installation of a troop garrison. In addition, a lender Royal must ensure that no decision would be detrimental to the interests of the king.
If the city has changed its nationality, it is still a frontier town and an important transit point to reach the Germanic empire. In fact, Louis XV will stay in Strasbourg during the War of Austrian Succession . The company develops and aristocratic mansions many are born. If the German is the common language, Strasbourg is home to many immigrants: between 1681 and 1697 , the city increased from 22 000 to 26 500 inhabitants. Moreover, Strasbourg is home to about 6,000 French soldiers, mostly based in the citadel of Vauban whose work began in 1682 55 .
At the religious level, the city is an important turning point. In 1704 , a prince of the family Rohan became bishop of the city. The family will retain the episcopal power until 1790 and will build the famous Palais des Rohan in Strasbourg , located near the Cathedral on the banks of the Ill . Throughout this period, Catholicism is going to grow even though the majority are Protestants 56 .
Dormant since the annexation of Strasbourg in France, the University of Strasbourg gradually recovered its former glory and between 1721 and 1755 the city will host more than 4000 students. The university is already international: foreign students generally come from Germany , in Scandinavia or the Netherlands , but also Britain and Russia . Some of them became famous as Goethe who was studying law. The radiation is important university of Strasbourg and some lessons such as law and medicine are known 57 .
A song for the Army of the Rhine
Sacking of the town hall in Strasbourg on 20 July 1789
When the 14 July 1789 the Bastille fell to the revolutionaries, the people of Strasbourg rise. On July 21, City Hall is sacked. Calm returns rapidly until 1792 , when France entered the war against Prussia and the Austria . On April 26 , the young Rouget de l’Isle composed at the request of the Mayor of Strasbourg, A song for the Army of the Rhine unaware that they have become a symbol of the French Revolution by becoming the Marseillaise 58 .
In 1797 , the French army takes several German cities, including Kehl and Offenburg . Strasbourg is out of danger, but the revolution has profoundly disrupted the city. Two years later, Napoleon Bonaparte took power and more institutions are emerging: the prefecture , the commodity exchange in 1801 , the Chamber of Commerce in 1802 . A new bridge over the Rhine was built and the roads are upgraded. Further developments that will promote the business of the city. Strasbourg becomes a center for trade, we sell blu cigs coupon including tobacco, wine, cotton and spices 59 .
Contemporary
The industrial revolution
At the end of the xviii th century , the city is encased in its walls, and major work began in the early xix th century . This is the beginning of the industrial revolution . New channels will be built, connecting the Marne and the Rhone to the Rhine. In 1841 the line was opened in Strasbourg (Koenigshoffen) in Basel (St. Louis) by the Company of the railway from Strasbourg to Basel . The railway line linking Paris to Strasbourg was inaugurated in 1847 , and the electric telegraph five years later. However, the city remains primarily focused on trade and finance, in contrast to Mulhouse in which the industry is booming 60 . From 1853 , French became the sole language of instruction, but the German and the Alsatian are the languages most used in everyday life 61 .
Strasbourg, capital of Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine
Card Straßburg in 1888
Strasbourg in 1890.
Place Kleber, 1900
The city is prosperous, but in July 1870 , a new reputation management war breaks out. As early as August, the Prussians, commanded by General August von Werder , invaded Alsace and Strasbourg besieged . The city is ill-prepared and fortified the xvii th century century is not suitable for modern artillery fire 62 .
On September 28, 1870 , after more than a month of bombing, Strasbourg capitulated. After the war ended in 1871, the Alsace-Lorraine is linked to Germany by the Treaty of Frankfurt and Strasbourg is the capital of Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine 63 . The Strasbourg traumatized out of this war, and the incorporation of the town in Germany is very badly 64 .
Strasbourg but soon found prosperity, thanks to the will of the government wishing to make the city a showcase of German know-how. A vast urban plan is in place, the Neustadt was born. It is organized along two axes, the avenue of peace and the Avenue des Vosges, extended by the Avenue of the Black Forest . Imperial Place (now Place de la République ) is then the new nerve center of the city, bringing the post-office, the imperial palace , the university library , and a little further, the Palais university . A new station is built, and several churches including the Church of St. Paul . The town grew considerably and upgrades to the First World War 65 .
From 1870, the industry will develop rapidly as well, mainly in the food (breweries, canning) and mechanical. These new activities are relayed through a network of tramway extended (electrified in 1894) and the new independent port , built outside the city. Meanwhile, banking intensified, particularly since the inception of the mutual bank Credit Mutuel 66 . Between 1871 and 1914 , the city will earn almost 100 000 inhabitants and cultural life develops. World War I, however, will put an end to this prosperity. Unlike the conflict in 1870, Strasbourg is well prepared for war.
A period of uncertainty
Early in the conflict, the French demonstrations are prohibited. Rudolf Schwander , mayor of the city, however, will work so that the population is not affected by hunger and at the end of the war relatively unscathed leaves Strasbourg . By the Treaty of Versailles , the Alsace-Moselle is made in France. Change of nationality is otherwise in the violence, at least in the brutality of the Germans expelled from the city and some imperial monuments were destroyed, including the statue of William I st . The demographic is heavier. Germans expelled from the city or left voluntarily added Strasbourg 3000 killed in action in German uniform. During the year 1930 , population growth will resume with the arrival of Jews from Central Europe fleeing the rapid rise of anti-Semitism 67 .
The city finds a degree of prosperity and river traffic greatly increases despite unfavorable economic conditions due to the crisis of 1930 . The autonomous port and the railway network will promote the development of industry and 1932 , a new commodity exchange is built 68 .
The synagogue before its destruction by the Nazis in 1940
The trauma
But a new war is emerging. From 2 September 1939 , the French government evacuated the city 120,000 people. After the armistice of June 22, 1940 , Alsace was annexed by Germany in fact and will undergo a policy of Germanization very hard, under the leadership of Robert Wagner . When in July the first refugees returned to Strasbourg, only the original inhabitants of Alsace are accepted. Jews are expelled and the synagogue was burned. Street names are translated into German, French is prohibited and the lives and religious associations disappear.
By September 1940 , Marcel Weinum , aged 16, is organizing a resistance network consisting of 25 boys from 14 to 16 years and specializes in propaganda, sabotage and intelligence. Following an attack against the Gauleiter Robert Wagner , the group will all be arrested and ten of them will be judged by a special tribunal. Marcel Weinum be sentenced to death and beheaded in Stuttgart on April 14 1942 .
From 1942 , mandatory indoctrination and youth of Alsace and Moselle are forcibly conscripted into the German army. The spite of us are sent to the Russian front, and very few of them will return 69 .
From 1943 , the city is bombed by allied forces. In 1944 , several buildings are affected, including the Palais des Rohan , the Old Customs House and the Cathedral. However, Strasbourg is released relatively easily, thanks to the speed of the offensive led by General Leclerc , and for presenting equally rapid Vaterrodt General . On 23 November, the French flag was hoisted to the top of the cathedral: Strasbourg is released. In 1947 , during a speech in Strasbourg, General de Gaulle announces the Rally of the French people . Until 1962 , the Gaullist right will dominate the political scene, one of the most emblematic is Pierre Pflimlin 70 .
Strasbourg, a city symbol
In 1949 , Strasbourg was awarded the first European institutions, including the Council of Europe . As such, the British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ernest Bevin said “We wanted a center that may be suitable for European nations and become a couette symbol of the unity of Europe. The choice of Strasbourg was obvious to me. This great city was witness to the stupidity of mankind trying to settle the affairs of war, cruelty and destruction. ” A year later, Strasbourg hosts the European Court of Human Rights . Then in 1952 , the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). In 1969 , the Institute of Human Rights. In 1972 , the European Youth Centre. In 1979, the European Parliament is elected for the first time universal suffrage and held in Strasbourg confirmed. In 1966 , the Urban Community of Strasbourg (CUS) is created. It includes 27 municipalities and is one of the first four urban communities in France with Lyon , Lille and Bordeaux . Its objective is to optimize the management of various municipalities. That same year, the bridge is built in Europe and connects Strasbourg to Kehl . During the year 1970 , the port authority will develop and coal will gradually give way to the goods to higher value (oil, chemicals) 71 .
The head of the European Parliament
In 1970, the University of Strasbourg is divided into three: after the Second World War , large urban projects are being laid off from work. Historic buildings are restored and the area of the Esplanade was built. Social housing are increasing, particularly in the areas of Neuhof and Hautepierre 72 .
Missing since 1960 , the Strasbourg tramway in 1994 and reappears a great success. The last extension, which ends in November 2010 , the network is the largest in Strasbourg France, almost all of the city is accessible by tram which is divided into six rows (A, B, C, D, E, F ) The line F is the last built, completed in 2010, it connects the area of Elsau instead of Iceland, located in the Esplanade. Extensions are planned to get even closer to the German border. The arrival of the TGV Est in 2007 up to 2:20 in Strasbourg Paris and reinforces the centrality of the city in the Europe .
In 1967, the Council of Europe gave to the city of Strasbourg on the Europe Prize 73 .
Currently, Strasbourg relies heavily on cross-border cooperation. The Convention on the establishment of the Strasbourg-Ortenau Eurodistrict was initialed in 2005 . Its purpose is twofold: to develop exchanges between Strasbourg and Germany on the one hand, and also a further step in the construction of Europe, laying the groundwork for what could be a binational metropolis of nearly a million people 74 . The 2005 agreement is aiming to develop joint projects in key areas (transport, urban planning, education, health, employment, environment). The Eurodistrict members include the cities of Strasbourg, Kehl , Offenburg , Lahr and Achern 75 . A prefectural published 1 st February 2010 made official the Eurodistrict in form of European grouping of territorial cooperation (EGTC) 76 . For reasons of rationalization and internationalization, a st January 2009 marks the fusion of three Strasbourg universities: Louis Pasteur in science, Robert Schumann for the right, and Marc-Bloch for letters. The University of Strasbourg and returns a unique as it was founded in the xvi th century 77 .
Strasbourg, European capital
Main article: European Institutions in Strasbourg .
By changing nationality four times in 75 years (between 1870 and 1945), Strasbourg became the city symbol of Franco-German reconciliation and, more generally, of European unity. Strasburg is considered the European capital due to the presence of many institutions of the European Union but also in continental Europe, as well as Brussels , Luxembourg and Frankfurt am Main . Moreover, Strasbourg is the second city with a French diplomatic embassy, consulates, 41 78 , 47 permanent representations of Member States to the Council of Europe 79 , and a hundred NGOs international character. Strasbourg is also the only French city seat of European institutions and one of the few cities with New York and Geneva to host international institutions without being the capital of a state.
Strasbourg, since 1920 , the seat of the first intergovernmental institution ever created, the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine , following the Treaty of Vienna . Previously, this institution was based in Mannheim . It includes five countries: France , the German , the Swiss , the Belgium and the Netherlands .
European institutions
The Council of Europe
The Palais de l’Europe, designed by architect Henry Bernard , houses the Council of Europe.
Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims to defend the human rights, enhancement of the cultural identity of Europe, finding solutions to societal problems (eg discrimination, terrorism, bioethics …), the development of democratic stability. This institution has 47 states. The 2007 budget of the Council of Europe is 197 million 80 .
Strasbourg includes other European administrations as the General Secretariat of the Council of Europe , whose role is to ensure the preparation and operation of its work. It also keeps the documents and archives of the Council. The city is home to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe which is the decision-making body of the Council of Europe 81 and 47 diplomatic missions to the Council of Europe.
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , the first session of May 5, 1949 , is the oldest international pluralistic paleolithic diet assembly. It meets four times a year in plenary sessions at the Palace of Europe in Strasbourg to discuss the reports and projects related to European news 82 . It is thus a decision-making body, the assembly must be consulted on all international treaties by the Council of Europe.
The European Parliament
This is the parliamentary body of the European Union . It includes 736 members, from the June 2009 elections, elected by European citizens 83 . It plays a vital role in the development of legislation, including the protection of the environment, consumer rights, transport and the fight against discrimination.
At the European Council of Edinburgh , the 11 and 12 December 1992 , the governments of the Member States reached an agreement on the seats of the institutions, which provides:
The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg where the 12 periods of annual session, including the budget session;
plenary sessions shall be held in Brussels ;
the parliamentary committees in Brussels ;
the General Vietnamese translation Secretariat and its departments shall remain in Luxembourg .
This decision drew criticism from some members of supporters of the Brussels headquarters. However, the Court of Justice (Case 1 st October 1997 – C 345/95) confirmed that it sets out the seat of Parliament in accordance with Art. 289 CE. The content of this decision was included in the Amsterdam Treaty as a Protocol annexed to the Treaties, which the European Parliament regretted. The schedule of sessions is set each year by the Parliament on a proposal from the Conference of Presidents. On October 24, 2006, Parliament formalized the purchase of all of its buildings in Strasbourg, thus sealing its roots in the city 84 .
The European Court of Human Rights
Founded in 1959, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is located in the Palace of Human Rights since 1998, 85 , 86 . This court is a judicial body attached to the Council of Europe is responsible for processing requests for the violation of the European Convention on Human Rights .
Other European institutions and bodies
Strasbourg hosts other European institutions or bodies:
Commissioner for Human Rights;
the European Pharmacopoeia whose mission is the development of a common pharmacopoeia between countries of the Council of Europe . It has already worth more than the various national pharmacopoeias;
the European Youth Centre since 1972 ;
the European Audiovisual Observatory since 1992 ;
the Eurimages Fund ;
command of the Eurocorps . Established in 1992, it is the body’s most powerful army in Western Europe;
data centers of Europol and Schengen ;
the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (1920);
television Franco-German Arte ;
The International Commission on Civil Status (ICCS)
The European Science Foundation (ESF);
The scientific program Human Frontier ;
The Assembly of European Regions ;
The Meeting of the wine regions of Europe;
The European Platform of Regulatory Authorities (EPRA)
The international cooperative research in communication (CIRCOM);
The European Ombudsman , organ of the European Union ;
The European Institute of Industrial Property;
The International Space University (ISU).
Main pitfalls
The European Pharmacopoeia
The three-year contract introduced in 1980 under the leadership of Pierre Pflimlin , aims to raise the profile of the city by funding important projects of cultural, educational or infrastructure. The current contract, which expires in 2011 , weighed 244.5 million euros 87 . 110.4 million euros are intended to improve the accessibility of the city (acceleration projects high-speed line , deficit financing of certain airlines in particular), 61.8 million are intended for higher education, research and education, and 72.1 million is for strengthening cultural Strasbourg. The participation of the state totals 117.5 million euros 88 .
Since the arrival of the TGV Est in June 2007 the accessibility of the city has improved, and should be completed in 2011 a line in the direction of Lyon . Strasbourg is Malaysia Property also connected to Stuttgart , Munich and Zurich by the ICE , the German high speed train, once completed will include the reconstruction of the railway bridge on the Rhine, by the year 2010 . Completed in 2002 , the bridge Pierre Pflimlin is a symbol because since the xii th century , only eight bridges connecting France and Germany were built. If the idea of a new bridge linking the two countries to the tune of Strasbourg in the 1950s, it was not until 1996 that the project took its final 89 . This bridge is an important economic instrument: it improves the accessibility of the city from Germany providing better services to the Port of Strasbourg and the airport from Strasbourg .
Franco-German initiatives
Mimram bridge on the French side of the garden from both sides
Strasbourg is the focus of many Franco-German initiatives. Built acne treatment in 2004, the garden on both sides is a park located along the Rhine . It connects France to the German city of Kehl by a footbridge, the Mimram bridge .
Another initiative is the Franco-German Forum was established in 1998, which is both a job fair and an exhibition of the student. Held annually in the fall by the Franco-German University , the Forum in Strasbourg for two days. Its aim is to bring together under one roof, students, and doctoral students, businesses, institutions of higher learning French and German, and all institutions involved in the Franco-German rapprochement, to encourage the taking of information and contacts for binational training, an internship or a job 90 .
Launched in 2007 , the program Gemeinsam mehr Chancen – Moving forward together on the other hand aims to increase educational exchanges between France and Germany.
The municipality also plans to build a swimming pool France and Germany, located on the French side of the Rhine. The river banks are indeed a large area with high potential, but was neglected until the mid-1990s.
In 2010 a project was launched cross-border testing of 100 plug-in hybrids between Strasbourg, Offenburg and Karlsruhe 91 .
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Strasbourg .
Demographic change
Strasbourg Wacken with a view to the foreground, the city Ungemach
In a st January 2008 , the town of Strasbourg had 272,116 inhabitants 92 distributed over 78.26 km 2 . The city is characterized by low population density, roughly equivalent to that of Toulouse and almost three times less than that of Grenoble . Between 1990 and 1999 the average annual growth rate was 0.5%. This is slightly lower between 1999 and 2008, with 0.3% a year.
Strasbourg is also one of the first cities in France to have merged most of its administration with that of the urban community, motivated by merger in 1966 by a concern for efficiency and economy and budget that gave birth to Urban Community of Strasbourg (CUS). On its 306 km 2 , it had 468 727 inhabitants in 2008 93 .
The urban unit of Strasbourg is to say, the town within the meaning of the INSEE , the French side had its 450 375 inhabitants in the 2008 census 94 .
The urban area of the city was estimated in 2008 to 757 609 people without the German side in the new demarcation of 2010, making it the 9 th urban area of France 95 . With an average increase of 0.6% per year between 1999 and 2008, the population growth of the urban area of Strasbourg is one of the fastest in the northeast of France. In 2005 the CUS created Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau, in partnership with the French and German cities (including Kehl , Offenburg , Lahr and Achern ). It brings together so far 868 000 people and will have to replace the SUT in the longer term 96 .
Population structure
Strasbourg is a young city since the age of 20 represent 25.1% of the population 97 . 46.2% of Strasbourg are under 30 years. In fact, small households (one or two people) are by far the majority accounting for 65.3% of households 98 . Moreover, although the gap tends to shrink, the life expectancy in Alsace is slightly lower than the national average, particularly for women 99 .
Immigration
The city is very cosmopolitan as it has 51,625 immigrants in 2008 19% of its population (6% born in Europe and 13% born outside Europe) 100 . It is placed so far ahead of the national average (8.5%) and regional (10.5%) and ranks just behind Paris (20%). Non-European immigrants are mainly of North African origin (28.4%), Turkish (12.9%) and Black African (12.5%) 101 . New immigrants from Europe and Mediterranean to Algeria are less numerous (the Italians were the majority in the year 1960 ). Since the year 2000 , the majority of immigrants come from Turkey , to Germany and Morocco . Finally, the distribution of immigrants is very disparate. They represent nearly 40% in the area of the polygon, against 3.6% in the quarter of Contades.
Administration
Strasbourg is the capital of the region Alsace and Lower Rhine department . It is also the headquarters of the Academy of Strasbourg and the Archdiocese of Strasbourg . In 2010 , the town of Strasbourg has been awarded the label ” Internet City @ @ @ 102 ‘.
Politics
Main article: Municipal elections in Strasbourg , List of mayors of Strasbourg , Strasbourg List of ammestres and Sociology of Strasbourg .
The building of the urban community of Strasbourg.
Strasbourg City Council consider, in light of the mayor and his deputy, 49 aldermen and 14 deputy mayors 103 . Following the municipal elections of March 2008, Roland Ries ( PS ) becomes mayor of Strasbourg and succeeds Fabienne Keller ( UMP ). Roland Ries had previously held this position between 1997 and 2000 following the appointment of Catherine Trautmann ( PS ) in the Jospin government .
Overall, the Republican right and left are the two major political forces in Strasbourg, the center ( Democratic Movement , UDF ) and the Greens ahead usually the National Front and Alsace first at the polls. Historically, Strasbourg has no particular political anchor in a region that is traditionally right yet. Before the Second World War the city was mostly left or far-left with the election of Charles Hueber in 1929 . In 1935 , the right is the head of the city with Charles Frey , who was reelected at the end of the conflict in 1945 . After the long term Pierre Pflimlin who led the city between 1959 and 1983 , the political forces are balanced.
During the 2007 presidential elections , the candidate Nicolas Sarkozy won 51.08% of the vote against 48.92% for the Socialist candidate Segolene Royal . A few weeks later, during the elections , the only member of Alsace PS was re-elected in the first district (center of Strasbourg) with over 56% of the vote.
Jacques Bigot ( PS ), Mayor of Illkirch-Graffenstaden is the president of the Urban Community of Strasbourg (CUS) since April 2008.
Main article: List of mayors of Strasbourg .
Recent mayors of the city of Strasbourg
Period Identity Label Quality
2008 … Roland Ries PS Teacher
2001 2008 Fabienne Keller UMP Official
2000 2001 Catherine Trautmann PS
1997 2000 Roland Ries PS Teacher
1989 1997 Catherine Trautmann PS Specialist in Coptic language and literature
1983 1989 Marcel Rudloff UDF-CDS Lawyer
1959 1983 Pierre Pflimlin MRP / CD / UDF-CDS Lawyer
1955 1959 Charles Émile Altorffer RPF Pastor
1945 1955 Charles Frey RPF Journalist
1941 1944 Robert Ernst Oberstadtkommissar then Oberbürgermeister -
1940 1941 Theodor Ellgering Stadtkommissar -
1935 1940 Charles Frey PRD Journalist
1929 1935 Charles Hueber PCF Worker
1919 1929 Jacques Peirotes SFIO Typographer
1906 1918 Rudolf Schwander - Officer (designate)
1886 1906 Otto Back Liberal Officer (designate)
1880 1886 Georges Stempel - Officer auto loans for bad credit (designate)
1873 1880 Otto Back Liberal Officer (designate)
1871 1873 Ernest Lauth Protest Banker
1871 1871 Julius Klein - Acting Deputy
1870 1871 Emile Kuss Republican Professor of Medicine, journalist
Townships Strasbourg
Map of the CUS
Strasbourg is divided into 10 cantons 104 :
The 1 st district (downtown) has 23 756 inhabitants
The two e canton (district station, Les Halles, Finkwiller) has 21 362 inhabitants
The three E Canton (Esplanade, Exchange, Krutenau ) has 24 893 inhabitants
The 4 th district (District Fifteen) has 20 756 inhabitants
The 5 th district (the Robertsau ) has 22 402 inhabitants
The 6 th district ( Cronenbourg , Hautepierre , the Potteries and the city of Hohberg ) has 42 549 inhabitants
The 7 th district ( Meinau , Neudorf West) has 25 533 inhabitants
The 8 th district ( Neudorf ) has 25 518 inhabitants
The 9 th district ( Koenigshoffen , Green Mountain , Elsau ) has 31 331 inhabitants
The 10 th district ( Neuhof , Port du Rhin) has 26 015 inhabitants
Twinning
Strasbourg is twinned with the following cities:
Boston ( USA ) since 1960
Leicester ( UK ) since 1960
Cologne ( Germany )
Stuttgart ( Germany ) since 1962
Dresden ( Germany ) since 1990
Ramat Gan ( Israel ) since 1991
The municipality maintains cooperation with the following cities:
Jacmel ( Haiti ) since 1996 ( Decentralised Cooperation )
Novgorod ( Russia ) since 1997 (Decentralised Cooperation) ( Heritage and administrative)
Fez ( Morocco ) since 2003 ( Decentralised Cooperation )
Istanbul ( Turkey )
Chlef ( Algeria )
The City has also entered into cooperation agreements with 105 :
Brno ( Czech Republic )
Bucharest ( Romania )
Budapest ( Hungary )
Krakow ( Poland )
Sofia ( Bulgaria )
Split ( Croatia )
Warsaw ( Poland )
Public finance and taxation
Cash flow from operations of the town of Strasbourg is still high in 2010 due to increased investment income (37.8 million euros) as well as lower expenditures (-69.1 million of euros).
In 2010 , debt accounted for 4.7% of operating Buget the Urban Community of Strasbourg, which is low 106 . However, debt tends to increase due to large investment projects (1 billion euros over the period 2011-2014). Capital expenditures are substantially higher than income, the repayment ability of the urban community could increase from 2.3 years at present to about 8.0 years.
The budget for 2009 is approximately EUR 340 million for operations and $ 103 million for investment. The Buget the Urban Community of Strasbourg is 696 million euros for the operation and 179 sundance spa covers million for investment 107 .
Rate of direct taxation
Tax 2003 2005
residential 22.68% 24.06%
land on the frame 20.08% 21.30%
land on non-built 64.75% 68.69%
Professional 19.99% 20.24%
Data sources: Website of Ministry of Interior, Local taxation 108 Taxes as a percentage of the cadastral rental value .
Health
The city of Strasbourg has seven public institutions (University Hospitals of Strasbourg 109 ), employing 11 046 employees for a total of 2540 beds. 83.0% of patients are from Bas-Rhin. The main sites are the Civil Hospital (Cottage Hospital with a capacity of 889 beds and has existed since 1398), the hospital Hautepierre (1021 beds) and the hospital Robertsau (395 beds) 110 . In April 2008, was commissioned on New Civil Hospital (NHC) with a capacity of 715 beds and places, it tends to modernize the medical care offered by the University Hospitals of Strasbourg; largest hospital project in France, the NHC was designed by architect Claude Vasconi . Budget 2006 University Hospitals of Strasbourg is 688 million euros and 5.12 million euros are spent on research and innovation home loans 110 .
In addition to the existing Strasbourg tradition of hospitality since the xiv th century, the university hospitals of Strasbourg are among the pioneers of remote surgery. In 2001, the surgeon Jacques Marescaux operates in New York a patient in Strasbourg. The creation of the cluster dedicated to therapeutic innovation encourages synergies between hospitals of Strasbourg and the companies involved in the health sector. The division has 27,000 employees in effect in Alsace , in 300 companies 111 of which 22% are attributed to medical research. Strasbourg also has several research centers and organizations specializing in health, such as the research institute against cancers of the digestive system (IRCAD), the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Roche . (IPCR), the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM, Strasbourg which manages the North-East of France) and the Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC, founded by geneticist Pierre Chambon ).
This cluster with worldwide is located in the heart of the BioValley , a tri-national area (France, Germany , Switzerland ) active in the field of chemistry , of biology and medical technology 112 .
Strasbourg also has several clinics (Adass, Bethesda, St. Barbara, St. Anne, the Diaconate …) the most famous is the clinical l’Orangerie.
Security
The crime rate in Strasbourg is 78.18 acts per 1 000 inhabitants in 2009 and is therefore substantially higher than the national average ( 56.39 ‰ ). Notwithstanding, the city located on the lower middle of the large French cities, halfway Nice ( 109.12 ‰ ) and Orleans ( 66.37 ‰ ) 113 .
The clearance rate of crimes is 27.21% is slightly below the national average (28.76%) but the leaders of the major cities of France. During the term of Fabienne Keller , the CCTV cameras have multiplied. This device gives rise to controversy.
Economy
Benchmarks
The CCI of Strasbourg and the Bas-Rhin
Strasbourg is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Strasbourg and the Bas-Rhin . It manages the international airport of Strasbourg-Entzheim . It is also the headquarters of the Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Alsace and the Alsace Chamber of Trades.
Thanks to its geographical location, Strasbourg has always been a crossing point for goods and people. In the center of Europe, the city is at the crossroads of north-south historically used and an east-west axis. Its location on the Rhine promotes exchanges by river. Like any big city, the industry is the dominant service sector , although the industry still accounts for a significant share of jobs, especially in the surrounding municipalities. Strasbourg is home to several major corporate headquarters, including LIDL-France , France Wienerberger , the Credit Mutuel , Steelcase and Brasseries Kronenbourg . The city also has two clusters, one with worldwide dedicated to therapeutic innovation, the other with a national, vehicles of the future 114 . These centers promote the establishment of businesses in the automotive and pharmaceutical industries.
Strasbourg is ranked 3 e French city of choice for entrepreneurs behind Lyon and Lille 115 .
In 2006, the town of Strasbourg had 159,557 active with the following distribution:
Jobs by sector 116
Strasbourg France
Tertiary 87.3% 71.5%
Industry 9.4% 18.3%
Construction 3.0% 6.1%
Agriculture 0.2% 4.1%
Data Sources: INSEE
The CUS (Urban Community of Strasbourg) were approximately 212,000 active with the following distribution:
Distribution of employment by industry 117
Industry Jobs Hand
Education and health 41 500 19.6%
Business Services 34 100 16.1%
Trade 32 000 15.1%
Industry 31 000 14.6%
Administration 26 700 12.6%
Transport 12 700 6.0%
Finance 10 300 4.8%
Construction 9500 4.5%
Other 14 200 6.7%
Data Sources: CCI of Strasbourg and the Bas-Rhin
The unemployment rate is in Strasbourg, as in many French cities, higher than the national average. But this was not always the case. For years, the city was marked by a remarkably low unemployment rate, although aided by a secondary sector dynamics. However, the decline in industrial activity in France has gradually narrowed the gap between the means of Strasbourg, French 118 and regional levels.
Changes in the unemployment rate
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Strasbourg 119 7.5% 6.3% 6.2% 6.8% 7.7% 8.4% 8.8% 9.0% 8.0% 7.4%
Data Sources: INSEE
Secondary sector
The Old Customs House , a relic of medieval trade in the city
Industrial activities in Strasbourg have the particularity to be fully diversified 7 . They represent 14.6% of employment. Of the 3,000 industrial enterprises, over 30% are foreign owned, including German and American. The three main sectors are automotive ( General Motors , Delphi Corporation , Johnson Controls ), the pharmaceutical industry (Lilly, Octapharma, Prestwick Chemical, Carex, Boiron ) and food (breweries Fischer and Kronenbourg ).
Since the 1990s, the creation of cluster Alsace BioValley has brought many jobs in the pharmaceutical industry . In addition to jobs created by the research university laboratories, with the creation of new research centers like the Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology 120 or institute clinical mouse 121 on the campus of car insurance quote Illkirch , a number of multinationals are located in Strasbourg or in its periphery. The highlight of this development was the transfer of the headquarters of Aventis in Strasbourg in 2002 , but the takeover of the company by Sanofi-Synthelabo in 2004 was transferred back to the headquarters of the new group in Paris .
The Port of Strasbourg and ease of transport of goods on the Rhine have played an important role in the economic development of the city. With 8.8 million tons of goods river traffic in 2007 122 , it is the second largest river port in France after the port of Paris . Today, some areas of the port authority are brownfield former basins located near the city center are or will be soon upgraded. There are still mills on both sides of the Rhine, those of the French side tended to decline before the rise in price of steel in the year 2000 , those on the German side (BSW Group – Badische Stahlwerke) have developed into micro-mills very profitable, while hiring many workers border .
Tertiary sector
Commerce
The business represents more than 30,000 jobs in Strasbourg. Two large commercial areas concentrate most of the business: that of the south and Vigie that of Vendenheim north. The center brings together luxury boutiques and the Place des Halles , a Cell Phone Accessories shopping center housing about 120 shops and eight restaurants. In iphone ringtones Neudorf , a new shopping center called Rivétoile opened in October 2008.
Finance Medigap Plans
Strasbourg is one of the leading financial and banking in France 123 and has an important feature in this area. The city has ten head offices of banks (including: Credit Mutuel , the CIC is the Banque Populaire d’Alsace, the Savings Bank of Alsace, the Land Bank and commune of Alsace and Lorraine), five rooms markets and many foreign institutions ( UBS , Barclays , HSBC , Legal & General , Monte dei Paschi di Siena , etc.).. Strasbourg has also adopted in 1979 the first World Trade Center in France 124 . The financial activities employ more than 15,000 people Strasbourg, real estate included 125 . In 2009, the city has launched studies on two business areas. The first would be at Wacken, and the second, at the Lower Station , which will be of urbanization by 2020.
Tourism
The large Christmas tree , Place Kleber in 2010 with the Christmas village at its feet
Place Kleber
Tourism is an important activity for Alsace. The sector employs nearly 25,000 people with 8300 in Strasbourg 126 . The arrival of the TGV Est helped halt the decline of tourism activities that affected the region since 2004 127 . In contrast, the share of foreign tourists continues to fall: they represented 32% in 2007 against 38% in 2004 128 . In addition, foreign tourists are more prevalent in summer (about 44% of tourists) and winter (about 26%). Each year, the famous Christmas market (or Christkindelsmärik ) open during the month of December, attracts a considerable number of visitors, the hotel capacity of the city and the region by filling in this period. Unfortunately, these capacities are under-utilized the rest of the year with an average occupancy rate of rooms 54.7% against 60.4% in France 129 . Located at the junction of EuroVéloroutes EV5 (Via Francigena – from London to Rome / Brindisi) and EV15 (Rhine cycle route from the source of the Rhine to Rotterdam), Strasbourg, also the first cycling city in France, is visited by many cyclists Easter to late October.
Restoration
The restoration is highly developed in Strasbourg, especially in the downtown. All types of restaurants are represented, from the many döner kebap- to three stars, through the typical regional food ( winstubs and bierstube ).
Culture and Heritage
Main article: Strasbourg in pictures .
The historic center, the Big Island or elliptical island , has been classified World Heritage by the UNESCO in 1988 5 . Strasbourg is also labeled a city of art and history by the Ministry of Culture . If the remains of the Roman city have virtually disappeared, Strasbourg, however, remains a remarkable architectural heritage stretching from the Middle Ages to today.
Covered Bridges of the xiii th century saw the dam Vauban. In the background, the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Strasbourg
Architectural Heritage
Main article: List of historic buildings in Strasbourg .
Middle Ages and Renaissance
La Petite France
Strasbourg is home to many witnesses of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, particularly in its historic center. Among the oldest remains of the city, covered bridges, built in the xiii th century role was to protect river access. The defensive system is reviewed several times until the end of the xvi th century . The towers visible today are the latest of 90 that had the defenses of the city to the xix th century 130 . The Vauban Dam is a natural defense system of covered bridges. Lock fortified built from 1685 by Vauban , the dam is to strengthen the defenses of the city. It could be used to flood the access south of the city to slow (or stop) the progression enemy.
Strasbourg also has many timbered houses. La Maison Kammerzell is probably one of the most emblematic. Built in the xv th century , it will take its present form in 1589 after extensive work. This house is distinguished by its unique structure: a first level of stone, and three-level wooden Rhenish Renaissance style, and finally three levels of roof 131 . The very extensive and detailed ornaments evoke the ancient world , the five senses, the work of men. There are other half-timbered houses in the district of Petite France . Miraculously spared by war, this area located on the Ill offer a real panorama of the Rhine Renaissance. The houses are the most remarkable home tanners (built in 1572 and edited in the early xvii th century by the owner) and the house Haderer.
Built in 1358 along the River Ill, the Old Customs House is one of the rare examples of medieval trade in the city. Destroyed by bombing in 1944 , it was restored in 1956 and now houses a traditional restaurant as well as temporary exhibitions 132 . Also along the Ill is the old butcher shop. Built between 1586 and 1588, the building in the shape of “U” is characterized by the simplicity of its architecture. It abandons its original function in 1859 and now houses the Historical Museum 133 .
The market place in suckling pigs
Located south of the historic center, the civil hospital was built at the end of xiv th century . In 1716 , a fire partially destroyed. The construction of a new hospital (still visible today) begins in 1717 under the supervision of architect Rudolph Mollinger. Its immense roof houses three floors of lofts. The building was enlarged in 1741 134 . Among the few items that survived the fire of the xviii th century , the historic winery is perhaps the most remarkable. Built between 1393 and 1395 , it is used to raise the wine served to patients. This cave is home to a white wine from 1472 . This nectar of over 500 years has been used only three times: in 1576 , in 1716 and in 1944 to the liberators of the city 135 .
On Gutenberg Square, one of the oldest sites of Strasbourg, is the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Built from 1582 under the leadership of Swiss entrepreneurs, the building is representative of the Renaissance. He made particular office of City Hall. It was enlarged in 1867 respecting the original style 136 , 137 .
The Raven Hotel is another interesting place. Closed to the xix th century , it has received famous guests such as Frederick the Great , Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Alexandre Dumas . The school Fustel de Coulanges (formerly Royal College, Imperial High School and Central School in the Republic), adjoining the cathedral, was first the minor seminary for the Jesuits after its construction in 1685 . But the place is best known for hosting the first printing press in Strasbourg, in the house called zum Thiergarten 138 .
xviii th and xix th centuries
The Palais des Rohan
Strasbourg is home to several witnesses of that time. The Aubette , designed by architect Jacques François Blondel was built between 1765 and 1778 in a neoclassical style of the place Kléber . The building that uses a colorful pink sandstone, used initially as a guard. Damaged in 1870, it houses subsequently the Conservatory of Music . This building, with the Market Square Gayot built in 1769, the only outcome of the implementation plan of beautification Blondel , which provided a complete restructuring of the Place Kléber . A major restoration project was completed in 2010. The Aubette now houses several shops 139 .
The Rohan Palace is also remarkable. He is the one of the few buildings of the time to use a light sandstone, not pink. This former Episcopal palace was built between 1728 and 1741 by the royal architect Robert de Cotte 140 . Its facade is decorated with numerous sculptures that we owe to Robert le Lorrain, religious or mythical character 141 . It now houses three museums: the Archaeological Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts and the Museum of Decorative Arts. Near the Place Broglie , we find the hotel the regional prefect, designed by Jean-Pierre Pflug and built between 1731 and 1736 at the request of François Joseph de Klinglin lender then royal city. It hosts one time the prefecture of the Lower Rhine. Destroyed in 1870 during the siege of Strasbourg , he quickly restored 142 . Right next to the building of the Opera (which plays the Opéra national du Rhin ), was built between 1804 and 1821 by architect Villot. It is partially destroyed in 1870 as a result of German bombing. During its restoration in 1888 , the back cover is enriched with a first circular body 143 . Always near the Place Broglie is the old town hall, designed by Joseph Massol and completed in 1736 . Its construction is funded by Regnier III of Hanau-Lichtenberg who dies before the end of the work. The building became City Hall in 1806 . Today it is mainly used for weddings 144 .
In the district of Robertsau , the Castle Pourtales is a remarkable monument. Built in the buy backlinks xviii th century , it has been amended several times during the xix th century and early xx th century . The pavilions are enlarged, an English park is built, a new main building was born. This castle is now owned by an American university, the Schiller International University 145 .
German imperial architecture
The palace of the Rhine
The Palace university
The National and University Library
Strasbourg station at the beginning of xx th century.
It is said that after the destruction of World War II , when German cities were razed by bombing allies , is in Strasbourg you can admire the most beautiful examples of architecture Wilhelmine . Particularly in the area built by the Germans, the Neustadt ( new city in Germany ) whose focus is the Kaiserplatz (imperial place) became the Place de la Republique . That’s why a recent project of the Metropolitan and the Alsace region plans to offer the Neustadt in the UNESCO World Heritage 146 .
There are indeed on the Republic Square features several buildings like the Palace of the Rhine , a former imperial palace built between 1883 and 1888 by architect Hermann Eggert in true Germanic style. Built to house the emperor during his visits to Strasbourg, it marks the incorporation of the city in Germany, and is part of an urban renewal program of great magnitude. It houses since 1920 the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine . The current National Theatre of Strasbourg , due to the architects and Hartel Neckelmann is another important building. Built between 1888 and 1899, he welcomes first sessions of the Regional Delegation. In 1911 , he became the Parliament of Alsace-Lorraine to the end of World War 147 . Attached since 1972 to the Ministry of Culture, he is the first national theater located in the provinces 148 .
We are indebted to the two architects of National and University Library of Strasbourg in neo-Renaissance style, inaugurated in 1895. It is now, with its three million books, the second library in Denver Divorce Lawyer France 149 .
Strasbourg is home to other notable public buildings built at the same time as the Prefecture (former Ministry of Alsace-Lorraine ), built in 1911, but the Post Office Hotel designed catalogues uk by architect von Rechenberg in a neo -Gothic. Built between 1896 and 1899 by the postal administration, the building was partially destroyed in 1944. During its reconstruction, we used the pink sandstone. This is still a postal processing center 150 . The municipal baths designed by Fritz Beblo , built 1905 to 1908 standards of the time away, with its imposing red facade and Romanesque Revival style 151 . The Palace of Justice , due to Skjold Neckelmann and built between 1894 and 1897 is also an interesting indicator of the time. Like most public buildings built during the era of German, this palace is using a light gray sandstone 152 .
Several buildings used for education are also part of Heritage Strasbourg, including the Palais university “Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität Strassburg” built in 1884 under the supervision of talented young Otto Warth . It now even some university courses (history, art history, art, theology) 153 and is considered one of the most beautiful monuments built during the era Germany. The Lycée International Pontonniers is a former girls’ high school opened in 1904 , which clearly breaks with neo-renaissance German 154 .
The city also offers other public buildings whose architecture is typical as the railway station , opened in 1883. It is one of the first buildings started after the annexation of Alsace to the German . The facade of the building has hardly been altered, it is now topped by a glass bell. The building ” Gallia “(” Germania “in its construction) was completed in 1885 is also typical of the city and at the time. It was first housed an insurance company. Since the 1920s, it is the seat of Student Associations (now the CROUS and the General Association of Federal Student Strasbourg ) 155 . The barracks Stirn, which must be the architect Von Lilienstern. Built between 1884 and 1897 , this building is very modern at the time. It covers an area of 4.0 hectares and can accommodate three infantry battalions 156 . After the war of 1870, Strasbourg is indeed an important basis of the German army.
Finally, the city offers some fine examples of architectural Jugendstil , as 22, rue du General Castelnau (architects F. Lütke Backes and H.), the villa Schützenberger, at 76, avenue de la Robertsau (architects: Berninger & Krafft ) or the Hotel Brion, 22, rue Sleidan (architect Auguste Brion).
Contemporary architecture
Strasbourg also has many more contemporary monuments such as the war memorial in Strasbourg , symbolic work located in an area which was sometimes German and sometimes French at the mercy of history. Situated Place de la Republique and inaugurated in 1936 by President Albert Lebrun , he carries as the only inscription “To our trotinette freestyle dead” without mentioning the country for which the soldiers fell. The sculpture depicts a mother (symbolizing the city of Strasbourg) standing on her lap her two children dying, one German and one French. They fought to the death and they finally come together. The sculpture was made by Leo-Ernest Drivier . This is one of the few monuments to the dead pacifist French.
Many modern buildings are linked to the European administration. Thus, the city is home to the palaces of Europe designed by the architect Henry Bernard and inaugurated in 1977 . It houses the Council of Europe . The Palace of Human Rights due to Richard Rogers also hosts since 1998 the European Court of Human Rights . The building embraces the course of the Ill , which form an arc. Finally, the European Parliament which must be the firm Architecture Studio is another remarkable building. Opened in 1999 , it follows the top of Edinburgh who in 1992 , definitely fixed the seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg 157 . Its total area is 220,000 m 2 to 60 meters in height 158 .
Contemporary architecture is marked by a cultural buildings like the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art by the architect Adrien Fainsilber . Inaugurated in 1998 is located near the Vauban dam . More recently, the Zenith in Strasbourg , designed by Massimiliano Fuksas , was completed in 2008 after two years of work. Other cultural buildings are interesting as the city of music and dance , which, since its inauguration in 2006 , is occupied by the cluster of music schools in Strasbourg and primarily by the Regional Conservatoire of Strasbourg . Finally, the home of Radio and Television, opened in 1961 and now home to France 3 Alsace is a building that houses a mosaic of 25 meters long designed by Jean Lurçat , entitled The Creation of the World 159 . In education, we include the cliffs, the Robert Schuman University which must be the architects and Knecht Schweitzer and especially the European center for business and economics who lives in an old red brick handling subtly modernized .
The hotel designed by the regional office Chaix and Morel and built between 2002 and 2004 in the district of Wacken is also interesting. More controversially, the vast canopy of 125 meters long and 23 meters high, designed by Jean-Marie Duthilleul covers the old historic train station for the TGV-Est.
Planning side, the Garden City of Stockfeld and workers’ housing Ungemach were built in the early xx th century according to a concept of integration of a public housing estate in green spaces. The Mimram bridge, named after its architect Marc Mimram is also an important work of the Strasbourg Urban Planning. Located in the Garden of Two Banks and exclusively pedestrian, it connects Strasbourg with the German city of Kehl . Function, essentially symbolic, reflects the desire to bring the two banks of the Rhine and thus the two countries.
Religious buildings
Cultural life
Theatres and concert halls
The National Theater of Strasbourg (TNS) is one of the high bachelorette party supplies places of cultural Strasbourg. This is the only national theater of France that is not in Paris. Descendant of the dramatic center of the East, he obtained a status of National Theatre in 1968 160 . Ideally located near the Republic Square , it offers 15 to 20 pieces per season. Programming leaves an important European works, often unknown to the French public. First national institution decentralized, the TNS is also a member of the Union of Theatres of Europe, which aims to develop a cultural policy.
Strasbourg is home to other structures, such as the Theatre for Young Audiences , founded in 1974 by André Pomarat, which specializes in pieces for children 4 to 16. Today National Drama Center , this theater hosts about 60 000 spectators per year 161 . Another scene of quality, The Link is a theater programming especially today. Mainly based in Wacken (two rooms: 600 and 150 seats) 162 this cultural institution also has a room (under construction) to Hautepierre – its historic headquarters. The scenes of the TAPS (Theatre News and Public Strasbourg), found on the website of the Dairy (TAPS Station) and in the district of Neudorf (TAPS Scala) are managed by the Directorate of Cultural Affairs of the city. South Pole, conventioned stage for music and dance, is in the area of the Meinau. This place can accommodate 320 spectators 163 .
The Hall of Tanks is an interdisciplinary association managed by the Dairy and The Wasteland dedicated to performing arts. It offers the public to discover the emerging scene of the Great Eastern on its three spaces.
The dinner theater and humor are represented by the Kafteur and the Hat, both located in the station area. The Black Cube CREPS in Koenigshoffen is more focused on amateur theater.
The theatrical activities of Strasbourg is also oriented regional traditions with the Choucrouterie , cabaret Roger Siffer . This small 80-seat theater hosts 20,000 spectators each year and offers comedy shows on the theme of Alsace 164 . Theatre of Strasbourg in Alsace, established in 1898 is also mainly restricted to directors in love with theater dialectal 165 .
Music
Opera National du Rhin
The Opéra national du Rhin was born from the merger of the municipal opera Colmar , Mulhouse and Strasbourg. He received the status of National Opera in 1997 and offers over 130 performances a year in collaboration with the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra 166 . Founded in 1855, it consists of 110 musicians and gives over 30 concerts a year in Strasbourg. The band also occurs abroad and has won several national and international awards 167 . The City of Music and Dance , dedicated to classical and contemporary music concerts regularly. His Music Festival of Strasbourg , the oldest in France, is organized since 1932.
The music of today are also disseminated through the Dairy room – modern music . This place opened in 1994 on an industrial wasteland has become, despite its modest size (two rooms: 1 000 and 300 seats), a place renowned with 200 concerts and 100 000 spectators per year 168 , 169 . Its programming is very eclectic. Strasbourg is home to other small rooms, like the South Pole which is essentially devoted to jazz and dance. The Molodoï , young independent center founded in 1988 , for its part is essentially turned to alternative music ( hip-hop , punk , hardcore ) 170 . The cultural center of Neudorf has a room with 700 seats and hosts dance performances, concerts and political rallies. The room is also equipped with a bar and occasionally offers banquet services 171 .
The city also has three large structures. The Palace of the Music and Congress extending over 50 000 m 2 and is home to two auditoriums (in 2000 and 1100 seats), hosts classical music concerts. It takes place about 350 events for 320 000 participants each year 172 , 173 . The Rhenus is one of the largest concert halls in the city. This hall can accommodate 8000 spectators and covers 10 932 m 2 . It is however not suitable for concerts, its primary purpose is to accommodate sporting events and temporary exhibitions 174 . Hence the construction of Zenith Europe in Eckbolsheim . Opened in January 2008 , the maximum capacity of 12,000 spectators making it the largest in France 175 .
On a more educational, Les Percussions de Strasbourg , are an instrumental band formed in 1962 by six percussionists and performs regularly in musical events. The percussion of Strasbourg also offer courses, workshops and educational interventions 176 .
Organs
Strasbourg is also famous for the quantity and variety of its organs baroque, neoclassical, romantic, Germanic , modern and eclectic, many of which are classified historical monument . The presence of organisms known as Marie Joseph Erb , Albert Schweitzer and Helmut Walcha has contributed to the famous instruments of the city and encouraged restoration of the oldest of them. Several dynasties of organ builders are represented in churches as well as the concert hall (Palais des Festivals, the former Conservatoire, City of Music and Dance ) from Strasbourg: Silbermann , Andre and Jean-André, ( Church of St. Thomas , Church of St. William , St. Peter-le-Jeune Protestant , Church of Sainte-Aurélie ), the Schwenkedel, George and Curt ( Saint John ), the Walther, the Roethinger, Edmond Alexander and Max ( church Sainte Madeleine ppi reclaim , Church of St. Peter the Old Catholic ), the Kern , Alfred, and Daniel Gaston ( Notre Dame ). Other great names in organ building include Joseph Merklin ( Temple Neuf , the choir of Notre-Dame ) and Eberhard Friedrich Walcker ( Church of St. Peter-le-Vieux Protestant ) 177 .
Cultural events
Classical and contemporary music
Strasbourg hosts several music festivals. The oldest of them is the Music Festival of Strasbourg. Founded in 1932 by the Society of Friends of Music in Strasbourg , it is devoted to classical music and opera 178 .
We are indebted to the company the Strasbourg Jazz Festival, established in 1987 179 . The festival Jazzdor also brings music lovers jazz . Founded in 1986 , he organized about 40 concerts in Strasbourg. The festival also produces concerts in Germany in Offenburg since 2002 and in Berlin since 2007 with his Berlin edition jazzdor berlin 180 . The Musica Festival , or Festival of contemporary music , created in 1982 , brings together more than 20,000 spectators each year. 58 in 2007 proposed a hundred composers of contemporary works 181 .
Contemporary music are represented mainly by the Festival of artifacts , created in early 1990 . It takes place over several days in April at Zenith Europe and The Dairy 182 . In June takes place in various locations in the city, the festival electro – groove and urban cultures Counter time . Electronic music is represented by the electronic Ososphère Nights , taking place each September at The Dairy, the Dairy and Wasteland Molodoï 183 . Finally one of the events of the season cultural Strasbourg, is the festival of European Nights , investing the urban community of Strasbourg by working with cultural institutions and nightlife in constant dialogue with major European cities 184 .
Dance and theater
Strasbourg is home to several festivals of dance and theater, including the Festival Dance News Strasbourg in May, which invests the most important rooms in the diet solution diet plan the city and the squares and streets, but in June the Festival Theatre First in which young European directors present their first work.
The city also has a large multipurpose structure: the exhibition of Wacken, which includes four halls covering an area of 5200 to 6000 m 2 for a total 22 000 m 2 . It welcomes in particular the European Fair (1100 exhibitors and 220,000 visitors a year) and living independent winegrowers 185 , 186 . Strasbourg also hosts the European Fair of Contemporary Art St-art . Established in 1995, this event welcomes 30,000 visitors a year and focuses on the European opening as nearly 50% of the 95 galleries are of European origin 187 .
Literature and Book
Since 2005 are held each year in March the European Meeting in Strasbourg Literature 188 , organized by the Association of European Capital Literature (ACEL) 189 in partnership with the University of Strasbourg . Particularly in the context of these meetings that are awarded the European Prize for Literature , the Literature Prize French Jean Arp and Heritage Awards Nathan Katz . The purpose of these meetings is to promote, in collaboration with all local cultural, national and European, instead of Strasbourg as the European capital of literature and develop, with a view of wide open space European as the French-speaking, the rich literary heritage of Alsace, which remains largely undiscovered.
In September 2008 , Strasbourg hosted the first edition of the event on the 9 th art, Strasbulles .
Cinema
In film, the association of Spectrum Films organizes since 2006 the spectrum Film Festival , an annual event, taking place in September and dedicated to genre films science fiction , horror and fantasy .
Museums
The former butcher, the current historical museum
Since the 1990s, the cultural offer has grown and diversified. First with the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Strasbourg (MAMCS), opened in 1998 and outlining its 5500 m 2 contemporary works from 1870 to the present 190 . Then with the reopening of the historical museum , located in the building of the former butcher. The building of 1586 required major indeed stabilization work. This museum focuses mainly on urban history, military and economic of the city. It reveals such a scale model 1 / 600 th of Strasbourg in 1727 191 .
Culture is represented by the Alsatian Alsatian Museum , arts and popular traditions. It reveals in particular the rural life in Alsace between 1750 and 1860 through objects of all kinds, furniture, toys, materials, cutlery and other utensils 192 . The Museum of Decorative Arts , located inside the Palace of Rohan we also discover the craft of Strasbourg xvii th century in all its glory, and the apartments of lit the palace 193 . The Rohan Palace also houses the Archaeological Museum , which offers a large collection of antiques (from 600 000 to 800 years AD) discovered in Alsace and the Museum of Fine Arts , which traces the history of painting in Europe. This museum offers including many Italian works the oldest of Sandro Botticelli , is dated 1485 194 . The Prints and Drawings , founded in 1890, houses for its approximately fast cash loans 200,000 works of which the oldest date from the xv th century 195 .
Not far away, in front of the Strasbourg Cathedral , the Museum de l’Oeuvre Notre-Dame is making a rich collection of ancient works, often of a religious nature. It includes in particular the one of the oldest stained glass in France 196 , the Roman head of Wissembourg in 1060 , and the statuary xiii th century the Cathedral 197 .
More fun, the Zoological Museum , attached to the Louis Pasteur University , offers an impressive collection of animals, some rare. The museum also houses a huge collection of a million insects 198 . The Museum of Mineralogy, too academic, home to more than 30,000 minerals. Therein including the second collection of meteorites in France (450 samples) 199 . The Astronomical Observatory with its Planetarium is another interesting place. Under the dome lies the third telescope in France after those of Meudon and Nice . The Planetarium offers a variety of sessions designed to explore the Universe 200 .
Opened in 2005 , the Ship is an area of scientific discovery for children. It proposes to the young audience to learn while having fun 201 .
Opened in November 2007 , the new museum Tomi Ungerer – International Centre for illustration presents the collection Tomi Ungerer , gift of the artist in his hometown. It is now installed at the Villa Greiner , close to the historic center. This museum has a fund of 8000 original drawings and old toys 6000 202 .
Libraries
The National and University Library (UNSO) is, with its collection of 3 million volumes of the second library in France. It was founded following the bombings of 1870 that destroyed the old building and it housed 400,000 books 203 . Rebuilt in the era German library get its status as a national library in 1926 204 . According to figures from 2006, it has 16,488 registered readers 64% of students. UNSO is the acquisition of 25,000 new books each year and deeply modernized (terminals Wi-Fi , online documents) 205 . The areas favored by UNSO are the Europe , the Germany , the Alsace , the antiquity and religion 206 .
The municipal library of Strasbourg (BMS), less elitist, offering a fund of 600 000 documents, including 120,000 for the young people and 75 000 CD audio 207 . Library nearby, the BMS has nine branches in the city. It also hosts meetings, lectures and workshops for children. Finally, the library offers the service Bookmobile , a bus equipped as a library and stops at certain times near schools.
The city has ten media centers 208 . The most important is the library André Malraux, located near the administrative center and shopping center Rivétoile , this is a library of the urban community, it is part of the network of media libraries of the City and Urban Community of Strasbourg . It includes 160,000 documents freely accessible and 200,000 rare books 209 .
Incunabula
As one of the first European centers of printing ( John Mentel and others), Strasbourg has long prided itself on a very large collection of incunabula . However, it was almost completely destroyed following the bombing of the library and city archives in 1870. Significant efforts replenishment conducted in 1872 under the auspices including Rodolphe Reuss make Strasbourg can now boast of having again a considerable number of incunabula in libraries, many distributed as follows: National Library and university, approx. 2300 210 , Media City and the urban community of Strasbourg, 349 211 , Library of the Grand Seminary, 237 212 ; Media Protestant, 66 213 and Alsatian Library of Mutual Credit, 5 214 .
Strasbourg in the literature
In the xviii th century
Laurence Sterne devotes the longest chapter of his masterpiece Life and Opinions no no hair removal of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman , a fictional parable, the “tale Sklawkenbergius” in Strasbourg 215 . His compatriot Matthew Gregory Lewis is he, a long passage from his novel The Monk in the forest at the edge of the city.
In the xix th century
Honore de Balzac mentions this city as the birthplace of the great bankers as Aldrigger or Frederic de Nucingen in La Maison Nucingen , 1837 216 , as a haven of serenity and hope for the aristocrat who returns finally emigrated to France in Le Lys Valley , 1836 two hundred seventeen , as the rival of Besançon and Dijon in Albert Savarus , 1842 218 .
Victor Hugo spent the Alsatian city a limited pagination in the Rhine , large book edited in 1841, he corrected and subsequently increased using the notes taken during two trips to and documenting. It focuses not only “Munster, truly a marvel” and St. Thomas, where the tomb of Marshal Saxe seemed “a great machine opera marble in the lean style of Jean-Baptiste Pigalle hcg diet drops . ” Failure to linger in the city, which he does not in any life, he discovered almost heaven: “I would have taken care not to miss the tallest spire in the world (…). This is an admirable thing to move in this monstrous mass of stone permeated the air and light, hollow like a toy from Dieppe, lantern as well as pyramid, which vibrates and pulsates with every breath of wind (.. .). From where I was, the view is admirable. Strasbourg was under his feet, old town gables and dormers responsible for large roofs, broken by towers and churches, as picturesque as any city in Flanders. The Ill and the Rhine, two lovely rivers, enliven this dark mass of buildings in their pools of water clear and green. ( The Rhine , and Bueb Reumaux editor, 1980) ”
Gerard de Nerval mentions in Strasbourg La Lorely .
Hippolyte Taine in his Diaries .
Stendhal in Memoirs of a Tourist and The Red and the Black
Goethe in Poetry and Truth
Theophile Gautier in Far from Paris
Columnist Alfred Delvau held the newspaper of the trip he made in chiropractic marketing 1865 with Alphonse Daudet . They had taken the train: “We drive to Strasbourg at the speed we know to express trains. This speed is brutal. ( Du Pont des Arts bridge in Kehl , Duo collection, published by the Great Mirror, 2005). ”
Media
The head of ARTE France
TV channels
Strasbourg is the seat of the Franco-German cultural channel ARTE since 1991 and France 3 Alsace, which broadcasts a particular newspaper Alsatian dialect, the Rund Um . The city is also home Alsace20 , local channel private (group Latest News from Alsace ). Moreover, Strasbourg hosts the antenna MEDIA Strasbourg, branch information and technical assistance from the MEDIA Programme of the European Union , as well as ‘ European Audiovisual Observatory . Since September 2008, there is also a Web TV: www.StrasTV.com, offering local news reports. The city where the bulk of audiovisual activities in the region. Indeed, the sector employs over 1000 people at the 1355 Strasbourg in Alsace 219 .
Radios
Multiple radios are installed in Strasbourg and more national stations. The most famous are:
Welcome to Radio Strasbourg (RBS) on 91.9 FM, which began its activities clandestinely 1979 . The station specializes in world music but also in the hip-hop , the soul , the electro 220 .
FIP Strasbourg on 92.3 MHz broadcasts an eclectic Carpet Cleaning London music program in part from local studios installed in 1978 .
Top Music on 94.5 FM, a member of GIE self-oriented pop rock .
Print
The local press is itself dominated by the regional newspaper Latest News from Alsace (DNA), founded in 1877 and headquartered in Strasbourg. This newspaper is part of the eastern Burgundy Rhône Alpes . Its daily circulation of about 200,000 copies that it easily outstrips the other regional newspaper L’Alsace based in Mulhouse 221 .
Free dailies Metro and 20 minutes (which offers a local edition) have been published since 2005. The small-format weekly wik -Strasbourg (formerly Compass ) distributed free in print and online film and related cultural programming of the city. Is also distributed free in cafes and cinemas the monthly CUT, film magazine, under the sponsorship of Gustave Kervern .
The municipality publishes two free monthly official and distributed to mailboxes: Strasbourg Magazine and Magazine CUS .
Cinemas
The city of Strasbourg has 50 screens in six theaters. The center of the city is invested by small independent cinemas in the cultural, including the Odyssey 222 . This small theater located in the premises of a former theater film 1913 also offers a library devoted to the movies (6000 journals, 2500 photographs). At the center of Strasbourg two other cinemas of arthouse , the Star (4 rooms) and the Star Saint-Exupery (5 rooms, called Star Saint-Ex ). The Pathe Vox (6 rooms) offers a more general one.
Finally, there are around two multiplexes : the largest multiplex UGC in Europe (22 rooms, herbal incense 5100 beds, a screen of 23.5 meters ) located in the district of l’Etoile in Neudorf and a multiplex Pathé (12 rooms , 2750 seats) located in the common device Brumath about fifteen miles north of Strasbourg.
The Crossfit Denver arrival of movie multiplexes has led to the decline of the rooms in the city center, especially in the Rue du Vieux Marché aux Vins: the Pathé Club closed its doors in 1999 , the Méliès in 2000 , and finally the former UGC Capitol Street location of 22 November 2003 . There were also a cinema before that in the district of Neudorf, The Scala , now converted into a theater.
Gastronomy
Main article: Cuisine of Alsace .
Pretzels Christmas Market
The city boasts two restaurants tripling “star” (macaroons Michelin ) in the early 1980s. The crocodile, which has changed ownership and chef, lost a “star” and a second by changing hands (starting Emile Jung), the Buerehiesel has been reclassified to guide red when Antoine Westermann officially announced his departure for Paris, his son Eric becoming chief and sole responsibility. Four restaurants are marked with a Michelin stars in 2010: The Buerehiesel, Au Crocodile, La Casserole, Umami.
Strasbourg rivaled some time with Lyon, with whom she was often compared in chronic gourmet, but is now significantly behind in the “Guide Rouge”.
Antoine Westermann, who preserved the three buttons of Buerehiesel as he was now renovated and directs Drouant in Paris. His son, who was with him and formed in large houses, preserves the character of the institution near the European quarter, more user friendly (beautiful summer terrace, sophisticated kitchen, but with less expensive products, wines much more affordable ). This restaurant is almost iconic, housed in an old farm, rising at Parc de l’Orangerie, a button has recovered quickly.
Strasbourg has long been famous for its winstubs “wine taverns (Alsace)” typed and friendly local clientele which was very attached. This thanks to the constant presence of the behavior patterns familiar characters like Yvonne Haller, which marked the welcome establishment of an extensive character, still exists: Chez Yvonne, whose name has Alsatian S’Burjerstuewel . The Nail, a former well known, the Corner Pucelles the Fink’Stuebel and some other institutions perpetuate the tradition, although foreign to the city there are often many more than Strasbourg. L’Ami Schutz, in tourism-Covered Bridges, maintains an atmosphere winstub appreciated by international customers … although his name evokes beer in perpetuating the name of a brewery for a long time gone (Schutzenberger).
At the Pont du Corbeau, near the Alsatian Museum, Wire Shelves keeps a local directory.
Two renowned restaurants are located in the famous historic houses: the House Kammerzell, which was taken up and was sold by Guy-Pierre Baumann (the creator of sauerkraut with fish), in the late 1960s, and the House of tanners.
City of winstubs more than “Alsatian brasseries”, Strasbourg does not specifically the beer culture that is willing to lend to the region. Kronenbourg , which was based in Strasbourg, keeps the name of the district from its origins – where only brews more beer – but does not claim his “alsacianité.” The disappearance of the family business Schutzenberger, one of the major companies Schiltigheim, led to the closure of the very contemporary Brasserie Schutz, immediately near the Place Kleber. Large investments were made by Schutzenberger in the heart of Strasbourg, for the vast multi-level facility, designed by Jean Nouvel, but he did not know the success and remains closed for years. The existing brewery-restaurants are no different from those of other regions.
Practice of the Alsatian dialect
Main article: Alsatian .
Bilingual signage of the historic center of town
The Alsace is the name given to the dialects of German spoken in Alsace. These dialects are the speaking (south of the region until around Haguenau ) and just the Frankish (around Wissembourg and Moselle) . Strasbourg speech, although the speaking, differs from its surroundings by a strong influence of Franconian which marks his vocabulary. In France, Alsace is the second regional language after the Occitan 223 , known by some 39% of the population of the region (much less in the cities, including Strasbourg). As with all languages that are not established, the spelling is not fixed, because the pronunciation, in particular, vary, or varied from one sector to another or from one village to another and even … from one neighborhood to another. Phonological differences, and to a lesser extent morphology between the dialects of the north to the south of Alsace are important. A method as orthal attempts to remedy this state of things. Many words Frenchwere integrated and enriched the lexicon Alsatian over time. At present, the dialect is spoken less and less in Strasbourg, especially the younger generations. Conversely, it is still practiced by many people of a certain age. Some expressions are perpetuated in everyday language, some words are common (especially on mapswinstubs).